Immense Power in a Tiny Package: Wearables Based on Electrical Muscle
  Stimulation
From: IEEE Computing Edge - 09/2017 - page 16
By: Pedro Lopes & Patrick Baudish

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) devices have been used in rehabilitation
medicine since the 1960s to regenerate lost motor functions, but, more
recently, researchers have started to experiment with EMS to create
interactive systems. EMS miniaturizes well, easily lending itself to
pervasive computing use cases—particularly those involving mobile and
wearable devices. As the authors discuss, EMS provides researchers with the
technical means to create devices even smaller than current wearable devices.
The authors illustrate this by comparing some of their own prototypes based
on EMS with traditional approaches involving mechanical actuators.

Read the entire article at:
https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/pc/2017/03/mpc2017030012.html
https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/pc/2017/03/mpc2017030012.pdf