Mind Over Machines
From: Scientist - 02/14/2005 - Vol. 19, No. 3, P. 27
By: Aileen Constans

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is still in an infant stage of
development, but promises to enable severely disabled patients to live
fuller, more independent lives. There are two leading interface models:
Implantable interfaces that tap brainwaves through a direct neural
connection, and noninvasive interfaces in which brainwaves are recorded by
electrodes off the surface of the scalp. Which technology will become the
most popular may depend on how reliable, precise, and easy to use they can
become. Researchers familiar with both technologies believe implantable BCIs
may ultimately deliver more functionality; Brown University neurobiologist
John Donoghue argues, "The implantable technology actually goes after and
records the brain cells and the very information that's related to what you
want to do." On the other hand, the deciding factor could be whether
insurance companies will pay for BCI implantation. Other researchers are
working on biomodal chips that both stimulate and record from brain cells.
Examples include a group of rat neurons cultured on a 60-channel
multielectrode array by University of Florida biomedical engineer Thomas
DeMarse, who "trained" the neurons to pilot a flight simulator by translating
the aircraft's pitch and roll angles into stimulation pulses of varying
frequency; this setup allows DeMarse to analyze the neurons' computational
performance and their shifts in connectivity in response to stimulation.
DeMarse and University of Florida neurologist Paul Carney are now studying
microelectrode recordings of neurophysiological network changes in live rats
and recordings from cultured neurons in the hopes of identifying aberrant
brain patterns that trigger epileptic fits, and preventing such episodes by
stimulating neurons to return to normal activities.

Links:
Dr. Thomas B. DeMarse
http://www.bme.ufl.edu/people/detailperson.php?PEOPLE_id=2

Brain in a dish acts as autopilot, living computer
http://www.hoise.com/vmw/04/articles/vmw/LV-VM-11-04-29.html

Brain Tissue May Make Computers Go Live
http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=28418

Paul R. Carney, MD
http://www.neurology.ufl.edu/Carney/home.html